Comparative Study of Ethanolic and Propylene Glycol Extraction of Hemp Leaf Extracts: Phytochemical Analysis and Skincare Formulation Development

2026-03-28T06:30:33+00:00

This study investigated chemical profiles, bioactivity, and formulation potential of Cannabis sativa L. (hemp) leaf extracts for skincare applications. Hemp leaves were extracted using ethanol (EH) and propylene glycol (PGH), and the extracts were analyzed for phytochemical content, antioxidant activity, and astringent properties. Chemical analysis using liquid chromatography coupled with triple quadrupole mass spectrometry revealed that both extracts contained diverse phytochemicals, with cannabinoids as the predominant compounds. Ethanolic extraction demonstrated superior efficiency, yielding significantly higher concentrations of cannabidiol (CBD) at 224.90 ± 1.42 µg/mL higher than the propylene glycol extraction which has CBD at 0.83 ± 0.00 µg/mL. Bioactivity assays confirmed that EH exhibited robust antioxidant activity with IC₅₀ values of 258.06 ± 34.38 µg/mL for H₂O₂ scavenging and 315.38 ± 50.10 µg/mL for DPPH scavenging, while PGH demonstrated mild astringent activity (7.11 ± 1.18%) suitable for sensitive skin applications. Despite lower phytochemical yields, PGH demonstrated superior integration into water-based skincare systems, maintaining optimal viscosity, pH compatibility, and homogeneity better than EH. Stability challenges were identified during heating–cooling cycle cycling, which triggered CBD degradation and color shifts, although the formulations maintained structural integrity without phase separation under heat-cool testing. These findings establish PGH offers superior practical advantages for cosmetic stability and formulation compatibility. Furthermore, the identification of mild astringent properties in PGH provides a novel functional justification for its use in specialized sensitive skincare, bridging the gap between raw phytochemical efficacy and industrial product viability.

The Process of Mathematical Modeling: A Conceptual Framework for Mathematics Education

2026-03-17T09:18:07+00:00

Mathematical modeling is a crucial process in mathematics learning that connects mathematical knowledge with real-world situations. However, the modeling processes presented in the literature are diverse and fragmented, which has led to a lack of systematic understanding of the shared core of the mathematical modeling process. The purpose of this study is to synthesize the mathematical modeling process based on internationally recognized research and conceptual frameworks in mathematics education. A conceptual analysis and comparative examination of existing modeling frameworks were employed as the basis for the synthesis.

The synthesis resulted in a mathematical modeling process consisting of five stages: understanding the real-world situation, simplifying, defining mathematical model, using mathematics, and explaining results. This process is conceptualized as dynamic and iterative, reflecting the nature of mathematical modeling as an epistemic activity in which learners continuously make decisions and revise their ideas. In addition, the synthesized framework helps organize knowledge related to the mathematical modeling process in a more coherent manner and elevates the role of simplification in making assumptions as a key theoretical component of modeling.

This study contributes theoretically to mathematics education by offering a conceptual framework that can serve as a foundation for the design of instructional activities, the analysis of students’ thinking processes, and future research on mathematical modeling.

Science Essence Journal

Comparative Study of Ethanolic and Propylene Glycol Extraction of Hemp Leaf Extracts: Phytochemical Analysis and Skincare Formulation Development

The Process of Mathematical Modeling: A Conceptual Framework for Mathematics Education